Integrative Framework of James A. Banks and Kamanto Sunarto’s Multicultural Education for Preventing SARA Conflicts in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v24i1.1953Abstract
Indonesia’s cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity is a national strength, yet it also creates vulnerabilities that can trigger SARA-based tensions, particularly when intensified by digital misinformation and the politicization of identity. This study responds to the need for a multicultural education framework that bridges global theoretical perspectives with Indonesia’s socio-religious realities. Employing a qualitative analytical approach, the research integrates James A. Banks’ multidimensional model of multicultural education with Kamanto Sunarto’s perspective, which emphasizes inclusivity rooted in Islamic intellectual traditions. The findings reveal that Banks’ focus on educational integration and equity aligns closely with Sunarto’s emphasis on interreligious and intercultural openness, producing a complementary model suited to mitigating SARA-related conflicts. This integrated framework provides fresh direction for curriculum development, teacher capacity-building, and interfaith educational programs, while offering practical contributions to efforts aimed at strengthening social harmony in Indonesia. ABSTRAKKeberagaman budaya, etnis, dan agama adalah kekuatan Indonesia, namun pada saat yang sama menjadi sumber munculnya ketegangan SARA, terutama ketika diperuncing oleh arus informasi digital dan politisasi identitas. Penelitian ini berangkat dari kebutuhan akan sebuah kerangka pendidikan multikultural yang mampu menjembatani teori global dengan realitas sosial Indonesia. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif-analitis, studi ini menggabungkan gagasan James A. Banks tentang pendidikan multikultural multidimensional dengan perspektif Kamanto Sunarto yang menekankan nilai-nilai inklusivitas dalam tradisi Islam. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penekanan Banks pada integrasi dan keadilan pendidikan berpadu secara komplementer dengan fokus Sunarto pada keterbukaan lintas agama dan budaya. Keduanya kemudian membentuk model yang relevan untuk meredam potensi konflik SARA. Kerangka ini menawarkan arah baru bagi pengembangan kurikulum, peningkatan kompetensi guru, serta program dialog antariman, sekaligus memberikan kontribusi nyata bagi upaya memperkuat harmoni sosial di Indonesia.
Downloads
References
Ainul Yaqin, M. (2005). Pendidikan Multikultural: Cross-Cultural Understanding untuk Demokrasi dan keadilan. Pilar Media.
Al-Abrasyi, A. (1969). At-Tarbiyyah al-Islamiyyah wa Falsafatuha. Dar al-Fikr.
Amin, M. (2018). Pendidikan Multikultural. Jurnal Kajian Islam Kontemporer, 09(1), 24–34. https://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/pilar/article/view/5020/3342
Arphattananon, T. (2021). Breaking the Mold of Liberal Multicultural Education in Thailand through Social Studies Lessons. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 94(2), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2020.1860873
Azra, A. (2000). Pendidikan Islam: Tradisi dan Modernisasi Menuju Milenium Baru. Logos Wacana Ilmu.
Baidhawi, Z. (2005). Pendidikan Agama Berwawasan Multikultural. Erlangga.
Banks, C. A. M. and J. A. B. (2010). Multicultural education : issues and perspectives (7th ed.). Wiley.
Banks, J. (1984). Teaching Strategies For Ethnic Studies. Allyn and Bacon.
Banks, J. A. (1993a). Multicultural Education: Development, Dimensions, and Challenges. The Phi Delta Kappan, 75(1), 22–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20405019
Banks, J. A. (1993b). Multicultural Education: Historical Development, Dimensions, and Practice. Review of Research in Education, 19, 3–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/1167339
Biro Humas Lemhannas RI. (2022). Gubernur Lemhannas RI: Tiga Tantangan Terbesar Eskalasi Politik Indonesia 2023-2024. Lemhannas RI. https://www.lemhannas.go.id/index.php/publikasi/press-release/1788-gubernur-lemhannas-ri-tiga-tantangan-terbesar-eskalasi-politik-indonesia-2023-2024
Chamlian, H. C., & Kowalewski, D. P. (2016). Multiculturalism in the Brazilian Education: Challenges and Perspectives (pp. 99–124). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26880-4_6
Choi, S., & Lee, S. W. (2020). Enhancing Teacher Self-Efficacy in Multicultural Classrooms and School Climate: The Role of Professional Development in Multicultural Education in the United States and South Korea. AERA Open, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858420973574
Cusher, & Andersen. (1994). Multicultural and Intercultural Studies in Teaching Studies of Society and Environment (C. Marsh (ed.)). Prentice-Hall.
Dictionary, C. (2023). Education. Dictionary, Cambridge. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/education
Effendi, J. (2004). Kemusliman dan Kemajemukan Agama. Pustaka Pelajar.
Farhan Wahdatul Huda, Helmy, N., & Saori, S. (2023). Peran Pemerintah Desa Kertajaya dalam Meningkatkan Toleransi Beragama Masyarakat Multikultural di Desa Kertajaya Kecamatan Panawangan Kabupaten Ciamis. PROCEEDINGS UIN SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG, 3(7 SE-Articles), 164–181. http://proceedings.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/proceedings/article/view/3329
Ganes Harpendya, Sumantri, S. H., & Wahyudi, B. (2022). Pendidikan perdamaian: sebuah urgensi di tengah maraknya konflik sosial berdimensi suku, agama, ras, dan antar-golongan di indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi, 21(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v21i2.26488
Gary, B. (1994b). Varieties of Multicultural Education: An Introduction. Eric Learinghouse on Urban Education.
Gay, G. (1994). A Synthesis of Scholarship in Multicultural Education: Urban Education Monograph Series. NCREL’s Urban Education Program.
Gyung-Jin Park. (2006). Analytic Methods for Design Practice. Springer.
Hafil, M., & Saputra, A. (2022). Fenomena Ujaran Kebencian Di Medsos. Islam Digest Republika. https://islamdigest.republika.co.id/berita/rinxua430/fenomena-ujaran-kebencian-di-medsos
Hamzah Amir. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kepustakaan. Literasi Nusantara.
Harto, K. (2014). Model Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Multikultural. Rajawali Press.
Hasanuddin, H., Fauzi, F. I., & Parinduri, M. A. (2023). ANALYSIS OF SARA’S POST-CONFLICT MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION: INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES. Psikoislamedia : Jurnal Psikologi, 8(2), 230. https://doi.org/10.22373/psikoislamedia.v8i2.19714
Hidayat, F. N. (2014). Multikulturalisme dalam Pendidikan Islam. Journal of Multicultural Islamic Education, 10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35891/ims.v6i2.4750
HUMAS POLRI. (2022). Wakapolri Ungkap 1.042 Konten Medsos Bermuatan SARA Diajukan Virtual Police. HUMAS MABES POLRI. https://humas.polri.go.id/2022/02/10/wakapolri-ungkap-1-042-konten-medsos-bermuatan-sara-diajukan-virtual-police/
Indonesia, K. B. B. (2023). Didik. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. https://kbbi.web.id/didik
Kartadinata, S., Affandi, I., Wahyudin, D., & Ruyadi, Y. (2015). Pendidikan Kedamaian. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Kenneth M. Sayre. (1969). Plato’s Analytic Method (University of Chicago Press (ed.)). University of Chicago Press.
Kiswondari. (2023). 3 Juta Konten Negatif di Medsos Ditemukan: Pornografi, Hoaks, dan Ujaran Kebencian. Sindo News. https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1014341/15/3-juta-konten-negatif-di-medsos-ditemukan-pornografi-hoaks-dan-ujaran-kebencian-1675512131
Kojongian, M., Tumbuan, W., & Ogi, I. (2022). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Bauran Pemasaran Pada Wisata Religius Ukit Kasih Kanonang Minahasa Dalam Menghadapi New Normal. Jurnal EMBA, 10(4), 1968. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/emba/article/view/44515/40614
Lathifah, Z. K., Fauziah, R. S. P., Rusli, R. K., Roestamy, M., Martin, A. Y., Indra, S., & Suherman, U. (2025). Quality Assurance in Pesantren: Modernization, Adaptability, and Integration into Indonesia’s Education System. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v11i1.43951
Lee, M., & Cha, Y.-K. (2018). Multicultural education for ‘cultivating humanity.’ Multicultural Education Review, 10(2), 73–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2018.1462927
Lee, M., Dreamson, N., & Cha, Y.-K. (2019). Policy influences and practical contributions of multicultural education in diverse contexts. Multicultural Education Review, 11(3), 153–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2019.1644023
Lee, M., Nielsen, T., & Ma, J. (2020). Danish experiences of ‘togetherness’ and its implications for multicultural education. Multicultural Education Review, 12(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2020.1720291
Lee, S., Cha, Y.-K., & Ham, S.-H. (2023). The Global Institutionalization of Multicultural Education as an Academic Discourse. Societies, 13(8), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080191
Lestari, G. (2015). Bhinnekha Tunggal Ika: Khasanah Multikultural Indonesia di Tengah Kehidupan Sara. Jurnal Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 28(1), 31–37.
Lubis, A. Y. (2006). Dekonstruksi Epistemologi Modern: dari Posmodernisme, Teori Kritis, Poskolonialisme Hingga Cultural Studies (Pustaka In).
Lue, M. ., & Riyanto, K. B. (2020). Multicultural Social Peaceful Education through Social Guidance and Counseling Services in Development of Industrial Revolution 4.0. Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Guidance and Counseling 2019 (ISGC 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200814.052
Ma’arif, M. A. (2019). Konsep Pemikiran Pendidikan Toleransi Fethullah Gulen. Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman, 30(2), 295–307. https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v30i2.812
Maemunah, Y., Darmiyanti, A., & . F. (2023). IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL MELALUI RASA TOLERANSI BERAGAMA DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 1 CIKAMPEK SELATAN JAKARTA. Al-Ulum Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Ke Islaman, 10(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.31102/alulum.10.2.2023.199-207
Maksum, A., & Yunan, L. (2004). Paradigma Pendidikan Universal di Era Modern dan Post Modern (Mencari “Visi Baru” atas “Realitas Baru” Pendidikan Kita). IRCiSoD.
Mariano M. Ariola. (2006). Principles and Methods of Research. REX Book Store.
Mestika Zed. (2004). Metode Penelitian Kepustakaan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Muhajir, M., Kultsum, U., Miftachul Choiri, M., Mustonah, S., Kulkarni, H., & Karim, A. (2025). Integrating Multicultural Values to Foster Tolerance and Inclusivity in Islamic Religious Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v11i1.44607
Nugraha, D., Ruswandi, U., & Erihadiana, M. (2020). Urgensi Pendidikan Multikultural Di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan PKN Pendidikan Dan Kewarganegaraan, 1(2), 140–149. http://ejournal.yphn.ac.id/index.php/Alhikmah/article/view/5
Nurfatihah, C., Amelia, D. P., Qomariyah, N., Pratiwi, S. Z., & Ardiansyah, V. (2025). Mengatasi Isu Sara dan Meningkatkan Kohesi Sosial Melalui Teori-Teori Pendidikan Multikultural. Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(September), 306–312.
Nurgiansah, T. H., Wulandari, M. A., & Bety, C. F. (2022). Resolution of Social Conflicts Through Multicultural Education. JED (Jurnal Etika Demokrasi), 7(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.26618/jed.v7i3.7577
Nurkholis. (2013a). PENDIDIKAN DALAM UPAYA MEMAJUKAN TEKNOLOGI. Kependidikan, 1(1), 24–44.
Nurkholis, N. (2013b). PENDIDIKAN DALAM UPAYA MEMAJUKAN TEKNOLOGI. Jurnal Kependidikan, 1(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.24090/jk.v1i1.530
O’Donnell, K., Luh, H.-J., Floress, M., & Mariam, A. H. (2024). The Effects of Online Anti-Bias Training on Educators’ Multicultural Competence. Contemporary School Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-024-00510-x
Özsoy, S., & Bilgi, S. (2016). Multicultural Education Perspective in Turkey: Possibilities and Dilemmas (pp. 147–169). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26880-4_8
Pahrudin, A. (2017). STRATEGI BELAJAR MENGAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI MADRASAH. Pusaka Media.
PGSD FIP UNY. (2025). Tim PkM UNY Gelar Pelatihan Guru Labschool untuk Perkuat Internalisasi Nilai-nilai Multikultural. PGSD FIP UNY. https://pgsd.fip.uny.ac.id/en/berita/tim-pkm-uny-gelar-pelatihan-guru-labschool-untuk-perkuat-internalisasi-nilai-nilai-multikultural
Purwasari, D., Waston, W., & Maksum, M. R. (2023). Konsep Pendidikan Multikultural dalam Pandangan James a Banks. MODELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, 10(2 SE-Articles). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.69896/modeling.v10i2.1746
Raharja, S. (2010). Mengkreasi Pendidikan Multikultural Di Sekolah Dengan Menerapkan Manajemen Mutu Sekolah Secara Total. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan UNY.
Reissman, R. (1994). The Evolving. Multicultral Classroom. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).
Rosyada, D. (2014). PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DI INDONESIA SEBUAH PANDANGAN KONSEPSIONAL. Sosio-Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v1i1.1200
Rustam Ibrahim. (2013). PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL: Pengertian, Prinsip, dan Relevansinya dengan Tujuan Pendidikan Islam. Addin, 7(1), 129–154. http://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/Addin/article/view/573%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.21043/addin.v7i1.573
Sangadji, K. (2016). PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM PERGURUAN TINGGI (Sebuah Kajian Kurikulum). Biosel: Biology Science and Education, 5(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.33477/bs.v5i1.483
Santrock, J. W. (2007). Psikologi Pendidikan (T. W. B.S. (ed.)). Kencana.
Shannon-Baker, P. (2018). A Multicultural Education Praxis: Integrating Past and Present, Living Theories, and Practice. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1518
Shofa, A. M. A. (2016). Memaknai Kembali Multikulturalisme Indonesia dalam Bingkai Pancasila. JPK (Jurnal Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan), 1(1), 34–41. http://journal.umpo.ac.id/index.php/JPK/article/view/302
Siregar, L. P. (2017). Politik SARA “lebih buruk” dari politik uang karena berdampak perpecahan. BBC Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42484006
SM, I., & Mukti, A. (2000). Pendidikan Islam, Demokratisasi dan Masyarakat Madani. Pustaka Pelajar.
Sunarto, K. (2004). Multicultural Education in Schools, Challenges in its Implementation. Jurnal Multicultural Education in Indonesia and South East Asia.
Susanto, N. H., Rahayani, Y., & Muasomah, M. (2024). Integrating Rationality and Mysticism in Religious Education: An Educational Perspective on Islamic and Indigenous Java-Sundanese Traditions in Indonesia. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i2.1472
Teri Andrian, & Aripin. (2023). Dimensi yang Terkandung dalam Pendidikan Islam Multikultural. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 1(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.58540/isihumor.v1i1.149
Thohir, M. (2019). Nasionalisme Indonesia: Membingkai Pluralitas dalam Kedamaian. Aneka Ilmu.
Thomas, P., Dzemidzic Kristiansen, S., & Von Hof, J. (2025). Beyond Sarees and Samosas: Authentic Multicultural Education. In Education and Cultural Evolution in Norway’s Multiethnic Society (pp. 23–33). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89018-5_3
Tilaar, H. A. . (2004). Multikulturalisme: Tantangan-tantangan besar masa depan dalam transformasi Pendidikan Nasional. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Usman, N., Raharjo, M., Laihat, & Chan, F. (2020). The Effectiveness of Multicultural Education Teaching Materials on The Nationalism of Elementary School Teacher Education Students. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3452144.3453766
Wahdiah, Ismail, R., & Mahmud, H. M. N. (2023). Dimensi Pendidikan Multikultural. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 9(1), 571–580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7554012
Wahyono, S. B., Budiningsih, A., Suyantiningsih, S., & Rahmadonna, S. (2022). Multicultural Education and Religious Tolerance: Elementary School Teachers’ Understanding of Multicultural Education in Yogyakarta. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 60(2), 467–508. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.467-508
Wiyanto, S. H. (2020). Peran Pendidikan Agama Dan Pendidikan Multikultural Terhadap Terwujudnya Kerukunan Antar Umat Beragama (Studi Kasus: Di SMAK Penabur Cirebon Tahun Ajaran 2018-2019). Oasis: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Islam, 2. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24235/oasis.v4i2.3892
Yaya Suryana, R. (2015). Pendidikan Multikultulral: Suatu Upaya Penguatan jati Diri bangsa: Konsep Prinsip dan Implementasi. CV. Pustaka Setia.
Yu, S., Gil, M., Lyu, S.-R., & Son, K. (2025). Multicultural Awareness and Educational Continuity Among Early Childhood and Elementary School Teachers in South Korea. International Journal of Early Childhood, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-025-00431-7
Yusuf, A. (2020). Design of Multicultural Pesantren In Building Multicultural Character Of Santri. Journal Multicultural of Islamic Edicationrnal, 3(2), 38–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35891/ims.v3i2.2229
Zarkasyi, H. F. (2012). Misykat: Refleksi Tentang Westernisasi, Liberalisasi, dan Islam. Insist - MIUMI.
Zubaedi. (2008). PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL: KONSEPSI DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 1(22), 1–5.
Zuldin, M. (2019). KETIMPANGAN SEBAGAI PENYEBAB KONFLIK: KAJIAN ATAS TEORI SOSIAL KONTEMPORER. TEMALI : Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 2(1), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.15575/jt.v2i1.4050
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Latief Hilmy, Chandra Dwisetyo Widodo, Rifki Rosyad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
