Problem-Based Learning in Islamic Cultural History: Strengthening Rahmatan lil Alamin Character at Indonesian Madrasahs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v24i1.2458Keywords:
character education, Islamic cultural history, madrasah, problem-based learning, Rahmatan lil AlaminAbstract
This study examines Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Islamic Cultural History to strengthen Rahmatan lil Alamin character at two Indonesian madrasahs. A naturalistic qualitative multiple case study was used, with interviews, observation, document analysis, and written surveys of 101 students. Findings indicate that when PBL is systematically designed around value-laden historical problems and structured reflection, most students show observable gains in tolerance, empathy, critical thinking, and collaboration. However, character internalization depth varies and depends on the teacher’s role as values coach, institutional support, and topic suitability. Contradictory data include one failed PBL session, 22% student frustration, and persistent time constraints. The study offers two moderate-novelty contributions: the Problem-Based Rahmatan lil Alamin Learning (PBRAL) model and the TPACKV framework (adding Values to TPACK). These are presented as context-specific, not universal claims. Practical implications call for sustained, practice-based teacher professional development.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mengkaji pembelajaran berbasis masalah (Problem-Based Learning/PBL) dalam Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam untuk memperkuat karakter Rahmatan lil Alamin di dua madrasah aliyah negeri Kota Bandung. Pendekatan kualitatif naturalistik dengan studi kasus ganda digunakan, melalui wawancara, observasi, analisis dokumen, dan survei tertulis terhadap 101 siswa. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa ketika PBL dirancang secara sistematis dengan masalah historis sarat nilai dan refleksi terstruktur, sebagian besar siswa menunjukkan peningkatan yang teramati pada toleransi, empati, berpikir kritis, dan kolaborasi. Namun, kedalaman internalisasi karakter bervariasi dan bergantung pada peran guru sebagai pelatih nilai, dukungan institusi, serta kesesuaian topik. Data kontradiktif meliputi satu sesi PBL yang gagal, 22% siswa melaporkan frustrasi, dan kendala waktu yang persisten. Penelitian ini menawarkan dua kontribusi dengan kebaruan sedang: model Problem-Based Rahmatan lil Alamin Learning (PBRAL) dan kerangka TPACKV (menambahkan dimensi Nilai ke dalam TPACK). Keduanya disajikan sebagai elaborasi spesifik konteks, bukan klaim universal. Implikasi praktisnya adalah perlunya pengembangan profesional guru berbasis praktik yang berkelanjutan.
Downloads
References
Afsinatun, S., Syahri, A., Imtihan, N., Dinawisda, N., & Gunawan, G. G. (2025). Digital Da’wah Exposure and Religious Moderation among Indonesian Islamic University Students. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 23(2), 359–376. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v23i2.2218
Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2010). Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat: Prioritas dalam Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar.
Aminnuddin, N. A. (2025). Envisioning the future of Islamic studies through Quantitative Islam. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101647
Anugrah, D. S., Supriadi, U., Anwar, S., & Muhammad Lathif, N. (2025). Integrating Problem-Based Learning With Islamic Practice: A Systematic Review Of Educational Outcomes And Religious Engagement. Al-Qalam, 31(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v31i1.1606
Aown, N. M. (2011). A place for informal learning in teaching about religion: The story of an experienced non-Muslim teacher and her learning about Islam. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(8), 1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.07.005
Ardiansyah, D. N., Arifin, Z., & Nugroho, R. H. (2025). Integration of Muwaṭhanah Principles in the Analysis and Development of Islamic Cultural History Materials Through a Multidisciplinary Approach. 1(1), 56–72.
Arshad, I. S. M. R. @, Rozali, E. A., & Kamaruzzaman, A. F. (2012). The Importance of Learning Islamic History and Civilization of Malaysia in the Building of Human Capital and Identity of the Muslim Society in Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Teaching and Learning Congress 2011, Volume I, December 17 – 20, 2011, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, 59, 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.313
Ashaari, M. F., Ismail, Z., Puteh, A., Samsudin, M. A., Ismail, M., Kawangit, R., Zainal, H., Nasir, B. M., & Ramzi, M. I. (2012). An Assessment of Teaching and Learning Methodology in Islamic Studies. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Teaching and Learning Congress 2011, Volume I, December 17 – 20, 2011, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, 59, 618–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.322
Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge.
Geertz, C. (1960). The religion of Java. University of chicago press.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Sage.
Haniffah, N. L., Mohammed Sharaf Shaiban, & Ahmed, P. (2023). Development and validation of a performance measurement system based on Islamic principles. Heliyon, 9(5), e16095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16095
Ilma, M. U., Ismatullah, A., & Rosadi, A. (2025). Pendekatan Konstruktivis dalam Desain Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Epistemic: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(1), 108–123. https://doi.org/10.70287/epistemic.v4i1.183
Irham. (2026). Integrative research of Islamic studies in Indonesian Islamic higher education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102689
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bZGvwsP1BRwC
Lickona, T. (2009). Educating for Character: How Our Schools Can Teach Respect and Responsibility. Random House Publishing Group.
Meng, H., Jing, L., & Mao, Y. (2025). A Study on the Application Methods of the Problem-Centered Teaching Model. International Journal of Educational Development, 1(3), 20. https://doi.org/10.63313/IJED.9024
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Fourth edition). SAGE.
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
Murtado, D., & Kurniawan, C. S. (2025). Enhancing Teacher Performance through Participatory Supervision in Indonesian Islamic Schools. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 23(2), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v23i2.2351
Musslifah, A. R., Purnomosidi, F., Mirawati, M., & Anilon, B. J. (2025). Transformation of Andragogic Approach in the Formation of Islamic Character of Elementary School Students: An Experimental Study Based on Local Wisdom. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v7i1.2054
Muthohirin, N. (2025). Revitalizing Islamic studies: A two-decade conversion in Indonesia’s state Islamic universities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102153
Opdenakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. 7(4).
Phinla, W. (2025). An Instructional Innovation for History Learning. Authorea Preprints.
Pretorius, E., & de Beer, J. (2025). Engagement of Pre-Service Teachers with the RIPU Heuristic in a Cooperative- and Problem-Based Learning Context: Affordances for Self-Directed Learning. Research in Science Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-025-10298-2
Rizki, R. A., Mujiburrohman, M., Aniyatussaidah, A., Syairoh, A. N., & Mulyanih, S. (2025). Instructional Strategies of Islamic Education Teachers in Teaching Islamic Cultural History (SKI) at MI Mathlaul Huda Rancagong. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar (JIPDAS), 5(3), 2486–2493.
Rosadi, A., Mahmud, Samsul Arifin, B., & Nursobah, A. (2025). The Influence of School Culture and Religious Activity Habituation Through Discipline on Students’ Religious and National Character. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 08(08). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v8-i8-79
Rosadi, A., Qomaruzzaman, B., & Zaqiah, Q. Y. (2023). Inovasi Pembelajaran Media Video Edukasi Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Efikasi Diri Pada Mata Pelajaran PAI. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 9(4), 1876–1883. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i4.6222
Saada, N. (2023). Educating for global citizenship in religious education: Islamic perspective. International Journal of Educational Development, 103, 102894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102894
Savenije, G. M., Wansink, B. G. J., & Logtenberg, A. (2022). Dutch history teachers’ perceptions of teaching the topic of Islam while balancing distance and proximity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 112, 103654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103654
Schools, I. P. (2025). Enhancing Conflict Resolution Skills through Artificial Intelligence-Based Problem-Based Learning in Civic Education at Indonesian Primary Schools.
Shahir, S., Ren, X., & Noor, S. (2025). Silenced voices, enduring struggles: An Islamic feminist analysis of afghan female academics under Taliban rule. Women’s Studies International Forum, 113, 103193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2025.103193
Shaikh, A. L., & Kazmi, S. H. A. (2021). Exploring marketing orientation in integrated Islamic schools. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(8), 1609–1638. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0241
Siregar, T., Yerizon, Y., & Fauzan, A. (2025). Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Strategy in Enhancing Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. Yerizon and Fauzan, Ahmad, Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Strategy in Enhancing Students’ Critical Thinking Skills (November 08, 2025).
Spradley, J. P. (2007). Metode Etnografi (T. Wacana, Ed.).
Stake, R. E. (2010). The art of case study research (Nachdr.). Sage Publ.
Stolt-Krichko, D. J. (1997). An investigation of teacher-centered or learner-centered teaching styles of adjunct physical education and outdoor education instructors. University of Alaska Anchorage.
Sutiono, S. S., Rizwana. (2026). Reconstructing the learning paradigm of Islamic religious education based on problem-based learning from the perspective of Islamic educational philosophy. Al-Risalah : Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Pemikiran Islam, (Vol. 17 No. 1 (2026): Al-Risalah : Jurnal Studi Agama dan Pemikiran Islam), 11. https://jurnal.uia.ac.id/alrisalah/article/view/5420/2770
Syafii, M. (2024). The Application of the Problem-Based Learning Model to Improve Learning Outcomes in Islamic Education and Character Building. Jurnal Keprofesian Guru Keagamaan, 3(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.15575/jkgk.v3i2.652
Wahono, W., Sholehuddin, Efendi, B., Santosa, T. A., & Manahor, A. (2025). The Effect of Blended Problem-Based Learning on Strengthening Islamic Character Values: A Meta-Analysis of Islamic Education Studies. Jurnal Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 17(4).
Wahyuni, S. N., Rahmah, S. Z. T., Haryati, N., & Rosadi, A. (2025). Implementation of Religious Culture in Instilling Islamic Values at Al-Atiqiyah Islamic Junior High School. LECTURES: Journal of Islamic and Education Studies, 4(3), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.58355/lectures.v4i3.157
Wajdi, M. B. N., Marpuah, S., Binti Ahmad, S. B. A., Abdul Rahim, M. H. B. A. R., & Rusdi, M. (2025). Reconceptualization of Islamic Education in Indonesia: Future Strategies and Approaches. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 23(2), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v23i2.1991
Wijesekera, H. D., & Hameed, R. (2026). From rote learning to critical inquiry: Fostering higher order thinking skills through collaborative questioning in a rural secondary English-medium science classroom. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 60, 102093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.102093
Xue, H., Lu, Y., & Liu, L. (2025). Efficacy of problem-based learning in enhancing health education skills, self-directed learning, and critical thinking among nursing interns: A prospective cohort study. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 1406. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07936-8
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Enoh Enoh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
